This study presents an innovative adaptive non-linear fractional-order PID (FOPID) tuning methodology for a flow meter controller in a desalination plant, integrating a hybrid Particle Swarm ...

There is a fast-expanding demand for a better-quality electric power supply. Water’s kinetic energy and fossil fuels’ thermal energy are well-known sources of electric energy. The primary component of ...

PID loops are a central component of modulating boiler control systems with applications ranging from basic steam header pressure control to cascading 3-element drum level control. A modern ...